A Novel Control Strategy for Optimization of V2G and G2V

Abstract

With the increasing integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into the power grid, efficient bidirectional power flow management is essential for optimizing Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) operations. This study investigates three different control strategies for managing bidirectional power flow and improving power quality: (1) Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers on both the converter and vehicle-side battery, (2) PI controller for converter operation and bi-directional converter, and (3) FLC on both converter andthe battery sides. The proposed control strategies are implemented in MATLAB/Simulink, and their performance is evaluated based on settling time, dynamic response, and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). Comparative analysis of the simulation results demonstrates that the FLC-based approach on both the converter and battery sides provides the best performance, offering faster settling time, improved power transfer efficiency, enhanced grid stability, and reduced THD. The study highlights the effectiveness of FLC in handling system nonlinearities and uncertainties, making it a promising solution for power quality improvement in bidirectional energy exchange between EVs and the grid.

Introduction

As electric vehicles (EVs) become more common, their integration into power grids presents challenges and opportunities. EVs, through Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) technologies, enable two-way power flow—charging batteries from the grid and feeding electricity back during peak demand. This helps balance load, maintain grid frequency and voltage stability, and improve grid reliability.

However, bidirectional energy flow introduces issues like power quality disturbances, harmonic distortion, and transient instability during mode transitions. Traditional Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers, though simple, struggle with nonlinearities in such systems. Fuzzy Logic Controllers (FLC) offer better dynamic response, robustness, and harmonic reduction by using rule-based, adaptive control without requiring exact system models.

This research compares three control strategies for EV bidirectional converters:

1. PI controllers on both converter stages

2. PI on converter and FLC on bidirectional converter

3. FLC on both converter stages

Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink show that the FLC-FLC approach delivers superior voltage regulation, faster settling times, and the lowest total harmonic distortion (THD), thus enhancing power quality and system stability during G2V and V2G operations. The fuzzy controller efficiently manages battery charging/discharging current and DC-link voltage by handling system uncertainties and nonlinearities with a Mamdani-type fuzzy logic scheme.

Overall, applying FLC in EV grid integration improves bidirectional power flow control, enabling smoother transitions, better grid support, and increased efficiency in EV charging infrastructure.

Conclusion

This work explores different methods To manage the flow of power across electric vehicles and the grid in both V2G and G2V modes. The system performance was evaluated under three different control approaches: (i) conventional PI control for both converter and battery-side current regulation, (ii) PI control for converter operation and Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) for battery-side current regulation, and (iii) FLC for both converter and battery-side current regulation. The DC-link voltage analysis revealed that PI-based controllers exhibit higher voltage overshoot and prolonged settling times, leading to increased oscillations during mode transitions. In contrast, the incorporation of fuzzy logic control significantly enhanced system stability by reducing transient fluctuations and improving dynamic response. Furthermore, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) analysis demonstrated that the PI-PI control strategy resulted in the highest THD of 8.31%, indicating poor power quality. The PI-FLC approach reduced the THD to 6.10%, showcasing an improvement in harmonic performance. The FLC-FLC strategy achieved the lowest THD of 4.06%, highlighting its effectiveness in minimizing harmonic distortions and ensuring superior power quality. From the comparative analysis, it is evident that Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) outperforms conventional PI controllers in terms of transient response, power quality, and harmonic mitigation. The FLC-FLC approach provides the most stable voltage regulation and the best harmonic suppression, making it the most suitable choice for bidirectional power flow applications in electric vehicle-grid integration. Future work can focus on optimizing fuzzy logic rule sets and exploring hybrid control techniques to further enhance system efficiency and robustness.

References

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Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Mohammad Amaanuddin, Dr. G. Suresh Babu . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.